How Many Animals Are Extinct Since 1962

Biodiversity of big mammal species per continent earlier and after humans' inflow

• Extinct in the wild (EW): 2 species
• Critically endangered (CR): 203 species
• Endangered (EN): 505 species
• Vulnerable (VU): 536 species
• Nearly threatened (NT): 345 species
• Least business organisation (LC): 3,306 species
• Data deficient (DD): 872 species

Mammalian species (IUCN, 2020-1)

• 5850 extant species have been evaluated
• 4978 of those are fully assessed^[a]
• 3651 are non threatened at present^[b]
• 1244 to 2116 are threatened^[c]
• 81 to 83 are extinct or extinct in the wild:
  • 81 extinct (EX) species^[d]
  • 2 extinct in the wild (EW)
  • 0 possibly extinct [CR(PE)]
  • 0 possibly extinct in the wild [CR(PEW)]

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1. ^ excludes information scarce evaluations.
2. ^ NT and LC.
3. ^ Threatened comprises CR, EN and VU. Upper estimate additionally includes DD.
4. ^ Nautical chart omits extinct (EX) species

Recently extinct mammals are defined past the International Spousal relationship for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as whatever mammals that accept get extinct since the year 1500 CE.^[1] Since then, roughly 80 mammal species have become extinct.^[two]

Extinction of taxa is difficult to confirm, as a long gap without a sighting is non definitive, only earlier 1995 a threshold of 50 years without a sighting was used to declare extinction.^[one]

1 study institute that extinction from habitat loss is the hardest to observe, equally this might only fragment populations to the point of concealment from humans. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.^[1] For example, a study constitute that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the residual either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.^[3]

As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species every bit "critically endangered (maybe extinct)".^[iv]

Conventions [edit]

All species listed as "Extinct" are classified as being extinct (no known remaining individuals left) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). All species listed as Extinct in the wild are classified as being extinct in the wild, significant that all remaining individuals of the species reside in captivity. All species listed as "Perchance extinct" are classified equally being critically endangered, equally it is unknown whether or not these species are extinct.^[5] Extinct subspecies such as the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)^[vi] are not listed here as the species, in this example Panthera tigris, is still extant. The IUCN Redlist classification for each species serves as a citation, and the superscripted "IUCN" by the date is a link to that species' page. A range map is provided wherever available, and a description of their former or current range is given if a range map is not available.

Causes of extinction [edit]

Habitat degradation is currently the main anthropogenic cause of species extinctions. The main cause of habitat degradation worldwide is agriculture, with urban sprawl, logging, mining and some fishing practices shut behind. The physical destruction of a habitat, both direct (deforestation for land evolution or lumber) and indirectly (burning fossil fuels), is an case of this.^{[7] [8]}

Too, increasing toxicity, through media such as pesticides, tin kill off a species very quickly, by killing all living members through contamination or sterilizing them. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for case, can bioaccumulate to hazardous levels, getting increasingly more unsafe farther up the nutrient chain.^[9]

Illness can also be a cistron: white nose syndrome in bats, for instance, is causing a substantial turn down in their populations and may even lead to the extinction of a species.^[x]

Overhunting likewise has an touch on. Terrestrial mammals, such as the tiger and deer, are mainly hunted for their pelts and in some cases meat, and marine mammals can be hunted for their oil and leather. Specific targeting of one species can be problematic to the ecosystem considering the sudden demise of ane species can inadvertently lead to the demise of some other (coextinction) especially if the targeted species is a keystone species. Sea otters, for example, were hunted in the maritime fur trade, and their drib in population led to the ascension in body of water urchins—their master food source—which decreased the population of kelp—the sea urchin's and Steller'southward body of water cow'southward principal food source—leading to the extinction of the Steller'due south sea cow.^[11] The hunting of an already limited species tin can easily pb to its extinction, every bit with the bluebuck whose range was confined to 1,700 square miles (4,400 km²) and which was hunted into extinction soon after discovery by European settlers.^[12]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Island creatures are usually owned to only that island, and that limited range and small population can leave them vulnerable to sudden changes.^[13] While Australia is a continent and non an isle, due to its geographical isolation, its unique fauna has suffered an extreme refuse in mammal species, 10% of its 273 terrestrial mammals, since European settlement (a loss of 1 to two species per decade); in contrast, only one species in North America has get extinct since European settlement. Furthermore, 21% of Commonwealth of australia's mammals are threatened, and different in virtually other continents, the main cause is predation by feral species, such as cats.^[14]

Extinct species [edit]

A species is alleged extinct after exhaustive surveys of all potential habitats eliminate all reasonable doubt that the terminal individual of a species, whether in the wild or in captivity, has died.^[15] Recently extinct species are defined past the IUCN as becoming extinct after 1500 CE.^[i]

Common proper noun	Binomial name	Order	Date of extinction	Former range	Motion-picture show
Wide-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops Gould, 1844	Diprotodontia	1875 one	Australia
Eastern hare wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides Gould, 1841	Diprotodontia	1889 1	Australia
Lake Mackay hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes asomatus Finlayson, 1943	Diprotodontia	1932 one	Australia
Desert rat-kangaroo	Caloprymnus campestris Gould, 1843	Diprotodontia	1935 1	Australia
Thylacine, or Tasmanian wolf/tiger	Thylacinus cynocephalus Harris, 1808	Dasyuromorphia	1936 1	Australia, Tasmania
Toolache wallaby	Macropus greyi Waterhouse, 1846	Diprotodontia	1939 one	Australia
Desert bandicoot	Perameles eremiana Spencer, 1837	Peramelemorphia	1943 1	Australia
New South Wales barred bandicoot[sixteen]	Perameles fasciata Gray, 1841	Peramelemorphia	mid-19th century	Commonwealth of australia
Southwestern barred bandicoot[sixteen]	Perameles myosuros Wagner, 1841	Peramelemorphia	mid-19th century	Australia
Southern barred bandicoot[sixteen]	Perameles notina Thomas, 1922	Peramelemorphia	mid-19th century	Australia
Ooldea barred bandicoot[16]	Perameles papillon Travouillon & Phillips, 2018	Peramelemorphia	early 20th century	Australia
Bottom bilby, or Yallara	Macrotis leucura Thomas, 1887	Peramelemorphia	1960s i	Australia
Southern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus ecaudatus Ogilby, 1838	Peramelemorphia	1950s ane	Australia
Northern sus scrofa-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus yirratji Travouillon et al., 2019	Peramelemorphia	1950s
Crescent boom-tail wallaby	Onychogalea lunata Gould, 1841	Diprotodontia	1956 ane	Commonwealth of australia (western and fundamental)
Ruby-red-bellied gracile opossum, or red-bellied gracile mouse opossum	Cryptonanus ignitus Díaz, Flores and Barquez, 2002	Didelphimorphia	1962 i	Argentina
Nullarbor dwarf bettong	Bettongia pusilla McNamara, 1997	Diprotodontia	early 1500s one	Australia (Nullarbor Plain)
Steller's sea cow	Hydrodamalis gigas von Zimmermann, 1780	Sirenia	1768 i	Commander Islands (Russia, The states)
Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola Thomas, 1924	Rodentia	2016 i	Commonwealth of australia (Bramble Cay)
Oriente cave rat	Boromys offella Miller, 1916	Rodentia	early 1500s ane	Cuba
Torre's cavern rat	Boromys torrei Allen, 1917	Rodentia	early 1500s 1	Cuba
Imposter hutia	Hexolobodon phenax Miller, 1929	Rodentia	early 1500s 1	Hispaniola (currently Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
Montane hutia	Isolobodon montanus Miller, 1922	Rodentia	early 1500s ane	Hispaniola
Dwarf viscacha	Lagostomus crassus Thomas, 1910	Rodentia	early on 1900s one	Republic of peru
Galápagos giant rat	Megaoryzomys curioi Niethammer, 1964	Rodentia	1500s i	Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)
Cuban coney	Geocapromys columbianus Chapman, 1892	Rodentia	early 1500s one	Republic of cuba
Hispaniolan edible rat	Brotomys voratus Miller, 1916	Rodentia	1536–1546 ane	Hispaniola
Puerto Rican hutia	Isolobodon portoricensis Allen, 1916	Rodentia	early 1900s i	Hispaniola; introduced to Puerto Rico, Saint Thomas Island, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and Mona Isle
Big-eared hopping mouse	Notomys macrotis Thomas, 1921	Rodentia	1843 1	Commonwealth of australia (key Western Australia)
Darling Downs hopping mouse	Notomys mordax Thomas, 1921	Rodentia	1846 1	Commonwealth of australia (Darling Downs, Queensland)
White-footed rabbit-rat	Conilurus albipes Lichtenstein, 1829	Rodentia	early 1860s 1	Australia (eastern coast)
Capricorn rabbit rat	Conilurus capricornensis Cramb and Hocknull, 2010	Rodentia	early 1500s ane	Commonwealth of australia (Queensland)
Short-tailed hopping mouse	Notomys amplus Brazenor, 1936	Rodentia	1896 1	Commonwealth of australia (Great Sandy Desert)
Long-tailed hopping mouse	Notomys longicaudatus Gould, 1844	Rodentia	1901 one	Australia
Great hopping mouse	Notomys robustus Mahoney, Smith and Medlin, 2008	Rodentia	mid-1800s 1	Commonwealth of australia (Flinders and Davenport Ranges)
Desmarest's pilorie, or Martinique giant rice rat	Megalomys desmarestii Fischer, 1829	Rodentia	1902 one	Martinique
Saint Lucia pilorie, or Saint Lucia behemothic rice rat	Megalomys luciae Major, 1901	Rodentia	1881 ane	Saint Lucia
Bulldog rat	Rattus nativitatis Thomas, 1888	Rodentia	1903 i	Christmas Island
Maclear's rat	Rattus macleari Thomas, 1887	Rodentia	1903 1	Christmas Island
Darwin'southward Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys darwini Osgood, 1929	Rodentia	1930 ane	Galápagos Islands
Gould's mouse	Pseudomys gouldii Waterhouse, 1839	Rodentia	1930 1	Australia (southern half)
Plains rat, or Palyoora	Pseudomys auritus Thomas, 1910	Rodentia	early 1800s 1	Australia (Kangaroo Island and the Younghusband Peninsula)
Pemberton's deer mouse	Peromyscus pembertoni Burt, 1932	Rodentia	1931 ane	San Pedro Nolasco Island, Mexico
Samaná hutia	Plagiodontia ipnaeum Johnson, 1948	Rodentia	early 1500s [a] one	Hispaniola
Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis MacPhee, Horovitz, Arredondo, & Jimenez Vasquez, 1995	Primates	early on 16th century	Hispaniola (currently Dominican Republic)
Lesser stick-nest rat, or white-tipped stick-nest rat	Leporillus apicalis John Gould, 1854	Rodentia	1933 1	Australia (west-fundamental)
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys indefessus Thomas, 1899	Rodentia	1934 1	Galápagos Islands
Piffling Swan Island hutia	Geocapromys thoracatus True, 1888	Rodentia	1955 one	Swan Islands, Honduras
Blue-greyness mouse	Pseudomys glaucus Thomas, 1910	Rodentia	1956 1	Commonwealth of australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
Buhler'south coryphomys or Buhler's rat	Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937	Rodentia	early 1500s ane	Westward Timor, Indonesia
Insular cavern rat	Heteropsomys insulans Anthony, 1916	Rodentia	early 1500s 1	Vieques Island, Puerto Rico
Candango mouse	Juscelinomys candango Moojen, 1965	Rodentia	1960 one	Cardinal Brazil
Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma anthonyi Allen, 1898	Rodentia	1926 1	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico
Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bunkeri Burt, 1932	Rodentia	1931 1	Coronado Islands, Mexico
Vespucci'south rodent	Noronhomys vespuccii Carleton and Olson, 1999	Rodentia	1500 1	Fernando de Noronha, Brazil
St. Vincent colilargo, or St. Vincent pygmy rice rat	Oligoryzomys victus Thomas, 1898	Rodentia	1892 i	Saint Vincent
Jamaican rice rat	Oryzomys antillarum Thomas, 1898	Rodentia	1877 one	Jamaica
Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni Merriam, 1889	Rodentia	1897 1	Islas Marías, Mexico
Nevis rice rat, or St. Eustatius rice rat, St. Kitts rice rat	Pennatomys nivalis Turvey, Weksler, Morris, and Nokkert, 2010	Rodentia	early 1500s [b] 1	Sint Eustatius and Saint Kitts and Nevis
Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi Andrews, 1900	Chiroptera	2009 ane	Christmas Island
Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus Wagner, 1832	Lagomorpha	1774 1	Corsica and Sardinia
Marcano's solenodon	Solenodon marcanoi Patterson, 1962	Eulipotyphla	1500s 1	Dominican Republic
Puerto Rican nesophontes	Nesophontes edithae Anthony, 1916	Eulipotyphla	early 1500s i	Puerto Rico, Vieques Isle, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Atalaye nesophontes	Nesophontes hypomicrus Miller, 1929	Eulipotyphla	early 1500s i	Hispaniola
Greater Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes major Arredondo, 1970	Eulipotyphla	early 1500s ane	Republic of cuba
Western Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes micrus Allen, 1917	Eulipotyphla	early on 1500s 1	Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud)
St. Michel nesophontes	Nesophontes paramicrus Miller, 1929	Eulipotyphla	early 1500s 1	Hispaniola
Haitian nesophontes	Nesophontes zamicrus Miller, 1929	Eulipotyphla	early 1500s 1	Haiti
Lesser Mascarene flight trick, or night flying fox	Pteropus subniger kerr, 1792	Chiroptera	1864 1	Réunion, Republic of mauritius
Guam flying fox, or Guam fruit bat	Pteropus tokudae Tate, 1934	Chiroptera	1968 1	Guam
Dusky flying fox, or Percy Island flight fox	Pteropus brunneus Dobson, 1878	Chiroptera	1870 1	Percy Islands (Australia)
Big Palau flying fox	Pteropus pilosus Andersen, 1908	Chiroptera	1874 1	Palau
Big sloth lemur	Palaeopropithecus ingens Grandidier, 1899	Primate	1620 1	In green
Aurochs	Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827	Artiodactyla	1627 1
Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus Pallas, 1766	Artiodactyla	1800 i
Ruby gazelle	Eudorcas rufina Thomas, 1894	Artiodactyla	late 1800s 1	Algeria
Schomburgk's deer	Rucervus schomburgki Blyth, 1863	Artiodactyla	1932 1	Thailand
Queen of Sheba's gazelle, or Republic of yemen gazelle	Gazella bilkis Grover and Lay, 1985	Artiodactyla	1951 ane	Yemen
Madagascan dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus lemerlei Milne-Edwards, 1868	Artiodactyla	early on 1500s [c] ane	Republic of madagascar
Falkland Islands wolf or warrah	Dusicyon australis Kerr, 1792	Carnivora	1876 1	Falkland Islands
Burmeister's play a joke on	Dusicyon avus Burmeister, 1866	Carnivora	early on 1500s 1	Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay
Sea mink	Neogale macrodon Prentiss, 1903	Carnivora	1894 one	United States (Maine, Massachusetts) and Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland)
Japanese sea lion	Zalophus japonicus Peters, 1866	Carnivora	1970s 1	Japan, Korea, Russian federation
Caribbean monk seal	Neomonachus tropicalis Gray, 1850	Carnivora	1952 ane	Caribbean Sea
Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902	Carnivora	before 1658 1

Extinct in the wild [edit]

A species that is extinct in the wild is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as only known by living members kept in captivity or equally a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss. A species is declared extinct in the wild after thorough surveys have inspected its historic range and failed to find evidence of a surviving private.^[15]

Common name	Binomial name	Guild	Date of extinction	Former range	Picture
Père David's deer	Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866	Artiodactyla	1939 1	China
Scimitar oryx	Oryx dammah Cretzschmar, 1827	Artiodactyla	2000 1	Sahara Desert

Possibly extinct [edit]

Extinction of taxa is difficult to detect, as a long gap without a sighting is not definitive. Some mammals declared as extinct may very well reappear.^[1] For example, a written report found that 36% of purported mammalian extinction had been resolved, while the rest either had validity issues (insufficient evidence) or had been rediscovered.^[3] As of December 2015, the IUCN listed 30 mammalian species equally "critically endangered (possibly extinct)".^[four]

Common proper name	Binomial name	Order	Last confirmed sighting	Range	Picture
Kouprey, or Forest ox	Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937	Artiodactyla	1988 one
Garrido's hutia	Capromys garridoi Varona, 1970	Rodentia	1989 ane [ dead link ]	Cayo Maja, Republic of cuba
Christmas Island shrew	Crocidura trichura Dobson, 1889	Eulipotyphla	1985 1
Wimmer's shrew	Crocidura wimmeri de Balsac and Aellen, 1958	Eulipotyphla	1976 1
De Winton'due south golden mole	Cryptochloris wintoni Broom, 1907	Eulipotyphla	1937 1
Fuegian domestic dog	Lycalopex culpaeus Bridges, 1919	Lycalopex	1919 1	Argentina
Baiji, or Yangtze river dolphin	Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918	Cetacea	2002 [d] 1
Zuniga's dark rice rat	Melanomys zunigae Sanborn	Rodentia	1949 i	Republic of peru
Dwarf hutia	Mesocapromys nanus Allen, 1917	Rodentia	1937 one	Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba
San Felipe hutia, or Fiddling earth hutia	Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Varona & Garrido, 1970	Rodentia	1978 i	Republic of cuba
One-striped opossum	Monodelphis unistriata Wagner, 1842	Didelphimorphia	1899 1
Gloomy tube-nosed bat	Murina tenebrosa Yoshiyuki, 1970	Chiroptera	1962 ane	Tsushima Isle and possibly Yaku Isle, Nippon
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat	Mystacina robusta Dwyer, 1962	Chiroptera	1967 1	Big Due south Cape Island, New Zealand
Ethiopian amphibious rat, or Ethiopian water mouse	Nilopegamys plumbeus Osgood, 1928	Rodentia	1920s 1	Rima oris of the Lesser Abay River, Ethiopia
Lord Howe long-eared bat	Nyctophilus howensis McKean, 1975	Chiroptera	1972 1	Lord Howe Island, Australia
Angel Island mouse	Peromyscus guardia Townsend, 1912	Rodentia	1991 1	Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Mexico
Puebla deer mouse	Peromyscus mekisturus Merriam, 1898	Rodentia	1950s 1	Ciudad Serdan and Tehuacán, Mexico
Telefomin cuscus	Phalanger matanim Flannery, 1987	Diprotodontia	1997 1
Montane monkey-faced bat	Pteralopex pulchra Flannery, 1991	Chiroptera	1990s ane
Aru flight play tricks	Pteropus aruensis Peter, 1867	Chiroptera	1877 ane
Emma's giant rat	Uromys emmae Groves and Flannery, 1994	Rodentia	1990s 1	Papua Province, Indonesia
Emperor rat	Uromys imperator Thomas, 1888	Rodentia	1888 ane	Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands
Guadalcanal rat	Uromys porculus Thomas, 1904	Rodentia	1888 1	Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands
Primal rock rat	Zyzomys pedunculatus Waite, 1896	Rodentia	2001 [east] ane
Malabar large-spotted civet, or Malabar civet	Viverra civettina Blyth, 1862	Carnivora	tardily 1900s [f] 1

Run across besides [edit]

• Holocene extinction
• List of extinct animals
• List of extinct birds
• Lists of mammals by population

Notes [edit]

1. ^ A 1985 study suggested they may have survived into the 1900s based on local legends of the "comadreja"
2. ^ In that location were reports of unusual rats on Nevis beingness eaten by islanders in the 1930s.^[17]
3. ^ Although, ¹⁴C dating points their extinction at 1000 C. E., a 1991 study found they coexisted with humans and survived into the 1500s.^[xviii]
4. ^ The species may be functionally extinct.^[19]
5. ^ The species was presumed extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996. At that place was a possible discovery in 2015.^[20]
6. ^ The last confirmed sighting is unknown and their range in the wild is unconfirmed. Camera traps in Karnataka, their presumed habitat, found no individuals after 1,084 nights in 2006.^[21]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d east} Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Purple Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC3049027. PMID 20880890.
2. ^ Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). The Anything of Nature: Human being Extinction of Birds and Mammals. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. ISBN 1421417189. "69"
3. ^ ^{a b} Macphee, Ross D. E.; Flemming, Clare (1999). "Requiem Æternam: the last five hundred years of mammalian species extinctions". In MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (eds.). Extinctions in Near Time. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Vol. 2. ISBN978-1-4419-3315-7.
4. ^ ^{a b} "IUCN Red List version 2015.4". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Matrimony for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved 3 December 2015.
5. ^ "Perchance Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
6. ^ Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. sondaica". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2008: east.T41681A10509194. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41681A10509194.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
7. ^ Primack, R. B. (2006). "Habitat destruction". Essentials of Conservation Biological science (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA.: Sinauer Assembly. pp. 177–188. ISBN978-0-87893-720-2.
8. ^ Winkelmann, Ricarda; Levermann, Anders; Ridgwell, Andy; Caldeira, Ken (2015). "Combustion of available fossil fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Science Advances. one (eight): e1500589. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0589W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500589. PMC4643791. PMID 26601273.
9. ^ Kelly, B. C.; Ikonomou, 1000. G.; Blair, J. D.; Morin, A. E.; Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). "Nutrient Web-Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants". Science. 317 (5835): 236–239. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..236K. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1138275. PMID 17626882. S2CID 52835862.
10. ^ Langwig, K.E.; W.F. Frick; J.T. Bried; A.C. Hicks; T.H. Kunz; A.M. Kilpatrick (2012). "Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome". Ecology Letters. 15 (1): 1050–1057. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01829.x. PMID 22747672.
11. ^ Estes, James A.; Burdin, Alexander; Doak, Daniel F. (2016). "Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's ocean cow". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Usa. 113 (four): 880–885. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113..880E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502552112. PMC4743786. PMID 26504217.
12. ^ Husson, A. M.; Holthuis, L. B. (1969). "On the type of Antilope leucophaea preserved in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden". Zoologische Mededelingen. 44: 147–157.
13. ^ van der Geer, Alexandra; Lyras, George; de Vos, John; Dermitzakis, Michael (2010). Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 225–227. ISBN978-1-4051-9009-1.
14. ^ Woinarskia, John C. Z.; Burbidge, Andrew A.; Harrison, Peter 50. (2015). "Ongoing unraveling of a continental animal: Turn down and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United states of America. 112 (5): 4531–4540. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.4531W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1417301112. PMC4403217. PMID 25675493.
15. ^ ^{a b} IUCN Redlist Categories and Criteria (PDF) (2nd ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. 2012. ISBN978-2-8317-1435-6.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} TRAVOUILLON, KENNY J.; PHILLIPS, MATTHEW J. (seven Feb 2018). "Full evidence assay of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species". Zootaxa. 4378 (2): 224. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4378.2.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
17. ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Weksler, Marcelo; Morris, Elaine L.; Nokkert, Mark (2010). "Taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct Bottom Antillean rice rats (Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species". Zoological Periodical of the Linnean Social club. 160 (iv): 748–772. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00628.x.
18. ^ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, David A. (1991). "Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Republic of madagascar: Implications for constraining human being colonization and vertebrate extinction events". Journal of Archaeological Science. 18 (6): 695–706. doi:x.1016/0305-4403(91)90030-Southward.
19. ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Pitman, Robert L.; Taylor, Barbara 50.; Barlow, Jay; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Barrett, Leigh A.; Zhao, Xiujiang; Reeves, Randall R.; Stewart, Brent S.; Kexiong, Wang; Zhuo, Wei; Zhang, Xianfeng; Pusser, Fifty. T.; Richlen, Michael; Brandon, John R.; Wang, Ding (2007). "Showtime man-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biological science Messages. 3 (5): 537–540. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC2391192. PMID 17686754.
20. ^ McDonald, Peters J.; Brittingham, Richie; Nano, C. Eastward. One thousand.; Paltridge, Rachel M. (2015). "A new population of the critically endangered cardinal rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus) discovered in the Northern Territory". Australian Mammalogy. 37: 97–100. doi:ten.1071/AM14012.
21. ^ Rao, S.; Ashraf, N. V. Thousand.; Nixon, A. M. A. (2007). "Search for the Malabar Civet Viverra civettina in Karnataka and Kerala, India, 2006–2007". Small Carnivore Conservation. 37: six–10.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_mammals

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